Physiology integrates with biology as it describes the functioning of human life

Introduction:

            Physiology is the branch of biology that describes the human body functioning with detail of mechanisms that living organisms follow. Physiology integrates with biology as it describes the functioning of human life. Some of the physiological processes include pulmonary ventilation, homeostasis, cardiac cycle, and capillary fluid action. The mechanisms are described in such a way to link them with the anatomy that describes the relation between several mechanisms and the body parts. Anatomy might be gross anatomy or microscopic anatomy that links up with the functions of the human body.

Pulmonary ventilation:

            Pulmonary ventilation is the mechanism of breathing and respiration that functions to keep a balance in the pressure of the airflow. This involves the process of inhalation and exhalation that links up with the anatomy of the respiration cycle. Pulmonary ventilation involves many biological organs like lungs, diaphragm, as well as the muscles. Pulmonary ventilation keeps up a balance between pressure and volume of the lungs and the thoracic cavity concerning the outside pressure. In the process of pulmonary ventilation, two muscles are involved that include diaphragm along with the intercostal muscles. The contraction of the diaphragm leads to an increased volume of lungs, this mechanism leads to the inspiration. (Broccard & Feihl, 2014). While in the case of expiration space in the thoracic cavity lessens due to the causing reduced space for lungs. This will make the body exhale the air outside to get rid of carbon dioxide (CO2). This entire process is about the gaseous exchange, which is the compliance of the exchange of gases as per its association with the negative pressure that leads to expiration and inspiration, and tidal volume associates with this mechanism. The gaseous exchange takes place in sacks (at the end of bronchioles) called alveoli. Dead space is also a part of the gaseous exchange that includes the volume of breath, which is not involved in the process of gaseous exchange. (Murias et al., 2014).

The gas exchange in pulmonary ventilation is an essential aspect as measurements of Arterial blood gas, including the concentrations and tensions of Oxygen (O2) and Carbon dioxide (CO2) establish a centerpiece of clinical care to evaluate the stage and level of pulmonary gas exchange abnormality. The responsibility of lungs is to transfer and deliver a tidal volume, which is accomplished of maintaining sufficient ventilation.

Glucose homeostasis and negative feedback:

            Pulmonary ventilation functions to maintain a balance of air in the human body, while glucose homeostasis maintains the amount of glucose inside the human body. Glucose homeostasis is described as the process that maintains the level of glucose inside the human body. Homeostasis associates with normal biological functioning as it keeps a balance inside the body’s normal functioning. Negative feedback is the process to be followed in the glucose homeostasis that maintains the blood glucose level. Different receptors are present inside the human body that functions to do maintenance inside the body. Pancreas and insulin are involved in this physiological process. Pancreas function to maintain the insulin level inside the body, as with the increase of the level of insulin pancreas stop releasing insulin. These feedback loops might be negative or positive as per the requirement of the body. The other main organ that is involved in glucose maintenance is the lives that stores glucose in itself. If the glucose level increases of falls down then the pancreas, tend to perform different functions to balance the required amount of glucose. (Gerich, 2010). The β cells, which belongs to pancreatic islets of Langerhans classifies more than insulin during the periods of hyperglycemia. The main motive and function of insulin are to check and counter the number of hormones that are generating by hyperglycemia to control and maintain low blood glucose stage, respectively. Insulin also plays a vital role in the control of glucose metabolism. When the scene of blood glucose enhances over five mol/ L, so, the consequence of this increment is that β cells use to increase their output of insulin. As followed by the increased insulin synthesis, there is continuously releasing performed insulin and realizing in response to blood glucose, respectively. (Szablewski, 2011).

Cardiac cycle:

            The cardiac cycle is another physiological process that maintains the body is internal functioning. Cardiac cycles associates with the normal functioning of the heart to keep a balance in the flow of blood inside the human body. The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body and it involves the anatomy of the four chambers involves in the human body. The heart comprises two parts that involve ventricle and atrium, which is further divided into four chambers. The upper chamber gathers blood and pumps it into the lower chamber, while the lower chamber is the ventricle. The blood vessels and heart constitutes the cardiovascular system. Each valve comprises of cusps or leaflets which are flaps. The mitral valve has two cusps while the other valve has more than two cusps respectively. The thick middle layer of the heart is myocardium. Shrinking of the myocardium pumps into the pulmonary veins. The endocardium consists of a thin layer of areolar tissues, which is the same as epicardium. Myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, or vascular disease can all compromise the normal function of the cardiac cycle albeit with slightly different clinical pictures (Fukuta & Little, 2010)

The direction of blood flow is from vena cava and veins of pulmonary into the left and right atria before the flow in ventricles directly. Both the organs of ventricles and atria are lightened and relaxed. At a stable and balanced reducing rate, the ventricles are filled with blood before the pressure, which is present in ventricles, is similar and equal to that pressure, which is present in the veins, respectively. In the outflow phase, the blood pumps from that direction of the heart to the great arteries. The level of isovolumetric contraction remains last for approximately 50 ms while the increase in pressure to main the normal functioning of the cardiac cycle. (Fukuta & Little, 2010)

Capillary fluid exchange:

            Here comes another physiological and anatomical process that involves internal human body functioning along with the homeostasis. Capillaries are the biological structures that aim to function in the process of fluid exchange. The capillary vessel controls the amount of fluid exchange in the blood and body tissues. In this biological process, one side is linked to the arterioles, while the other side to venules. This exchange takes place along with the tissues and cells and it helps in re oxygenating the fluid using the circulator system. The capillary fluid exchange maintains the amount of fluid to exchange blood to the other issues that are present in the human body. For the occurrence of this process hydrostatic force is involved that performs the function along with the blood plasma or other interstitial fluids present inside the body. This mechanism includes the process of diffusion as well as the osmotic pressure. (Taylor & Moore, 2011). The fluid exchange takes place due to the differences in the osmotic pressure inside the body. Diffusion allows the exchange of nutrients inside the human body and transfers different nutrients and fluids inside and outside the capillaries to keep a balance. The process of diffusion takes place due to the differences in gradients and will function to proceed from high concentration to low concentrated areas. While for the transfer of proteins, osmotic pressure is exerted by the interstitial fluids that as a result transfer the proteins, and nutrients inside the capillaries. Capillaries have different dynamics of functioning that proceeds with the efficient movement of the bloodstream and maintains the fluid and other nutrients inside the capillaries. (Scallan et al., 2010)

Conclusion:

            The above described physiological and biologically integrated process functions to keep a balance inside the body for its normal functioning. The mechanisms cope up with the deficiencies and the abnormal functioning of hormones and different organs to aid the body function appropriately. 

References:

Taylor, A. E., and Moore, T. M. (2011) “Capillary fluid exchange.,” Advances in Physiology Education, 277(6). DOI: 10.1152/advances.1999.277.6.s203.

Scallan, J., Huxley, V. H. and Korthuis, R. J. (2010) “Capillary Fluid Exchange: Regulation, Functions, and Pathology,” Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function, 2(1), pp. 1–94. DOI: 10.4199/c00006ed1v01y201002isp003.

Fukuta, H. and Little, W. C. (2010) “The Cardiac Cycle and the Physiologic Basis of Left Ventricular Contraction, Ejection, Relaxation, and Filling,” Heart Failure Clinics, 4(1), pp. 1–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2007.10.004.

Barros, V. N. (2019) “The heart cycle: review,” Womens Health, 8(1). DOI: 10.15406/mojwh.2018.08.00214.

Shrayyef, M. Z., and Gerich, J. E. (2010) “Normal Glucose Homeostasis,” Principles of Diabetes Mellitus, pp. 19–35. DOI: 10.1007/978 0 387 09841 8_2.

Gerich, J. E. (2010) “Physiology of glucose homeostasis,” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2(6), pp. 345–350. DOI: 10.1046/j.1463 1326.2000.00085.x.

Szablewski, L. (2011) “Glucose Homeostasis – Mechanism and Defects,” Diabetes Damages, and Treatments. DOI: 10.5772/22905.

Murias, G., Blanch, L. and Lucangelo, U. (2014) “The Physiology of Ventilation,” Respiratory Care, 59(11), pp. 1795–1807. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.03377.

Broccard, A. F. and Feihl, F. (2014) “Interactions Between the Pulmonary Circulation and Ventilation: An Overview for Intensivists,” Respiratory System and Artificial Ventilation, pp. 47–69. DOI: 10.1007/978 88 470 0765 9_5.