SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE AND OBESITY

Chapter 1; Introduction

            Movement is a natural property of man. In the early stages of the development of society, acknowledgements to movement, a person found food, escaped from enemies, learned the world around him, and improved his body. In addition, at present, the development of children or the state of health of adults depend on the motor regime. The prevalence of physical inactivity is increasing due to urbanization, automation and mechanization of labour, and an increase in the role of means of communication. Physical inactivity is a consequence of the release of a person from physical labor. Physical inactivity especially affects the cardiovascular system i.e. the strength of heart contractions weakens, working capacity decreases, and vascular tone decreases. Metabolism (metabolism and energy) also has a negative effect, and the blood supply to tissues decreases. Due to inadequate breakdown of fats, the blood becomes greasy and flows more slowly through the vessels, the supply of nutrients and oxygen decreases. Obesity and atherosclerosis can become a consequence of hypodynamia Martin et al., 2018).

Background; Sedentary Lifestyle

            An inactive lifestyle leads to muscle hypertrophy, tunnel syndrome, weakening of immunity, deterioration of vision, osteochondrosis, sciatica, excess weight is gained, and hemorrhoids appear. According to modern statistics, 60% of modern schoolchildren suffer from physical inactivity. Studies by hygienists and physiologists show that up to 82 85% of the daytime, most students are in a static position (sitting). In schoolchildren, voluntary movements occupy only 16 19% of the time of the day, of which only 1 3% fall on organized forms of physical education. There is also a change in the magnitude of motor activity in different study quarters: a decrease in winter, an increase in spring and autumn. A sedentary lifestyle has always been considered detrimental to human health. Its consequences are obesity, hypertension, diabetes and even cancer. Scientists recently discovered that limiting physical activity is a contributing factor to premature death (Manz et al., 2019, p.1060).

Causes of a sedentary lifestyle

            The reasons for a sedentary lifestyle are obvious such as the technosphere is what makes children move less and less. If before a child was constantly on the move, now he work more and more with information: computers, documents, telephone conversations. Accordingly, more and more often he sit on the priest, and less and less move. Yes, there is work, now even a lot of entertainment and they take place in virtual reality, on the other side of the screen. Computer games, social networks, films and TV series all this replaces the physical activity children need by sitting in front of the screen. In addition, the situation does not even think to improve. On the contrary, technologies are actively developing in this direction, so everything will only get worse from now on (Kim, and Lim, 2019, p.225). In addition to the technosphere, children themselves are another reason for a sedentary lifestyle. They themselves make a choice in favour of sticking in front of the screen, no one forces to do this. Well, the third reason for a sedentary lifestyle is various diseases that, in one way or another, change the lifestyle of each person. To avoid such problems, children need to perform all types of physical activity: morning exercises, physical education lessons, walks and games in the open air, help around the house and at school. The total duration of movements in the daily routine should be at 7 10 years old 4 5 hours; at 11 14 years old about 4 hours; at 15 17 years old 3 4 hours (Honicky et al., 2020, p.e12623).

Motor activity of students

Health is the state of any living organism in which it as a whole and all its organs are capable of fully performing their functions; absence of ailment, illness. According to the results of regional medical research, the majority of children have health problems, and only one in three is practically healthy. Every tenth child is obese. In total, there are five health groups of children from 3 to 17 years old. They all have their own characteristics and distinctive features. Consider all health groups. The first group consists of completely healthy children who do not have any defects or problems. Their mental and physical health correspond to standard measurements, they do not have any developmental defects, defects or other disorders in the organization and activity of organs (Ruíz Roso et al., 2020, p.2289). The second group is the most common against the background of others, there are small deviations in health, resistance to external factors and diseases is reduced. There is no pronounced developmental lag, for example, there are no chronic diseases, but there are functional disorders. General delay in physical development overweight, underweight, impaired vision and more. If a child often suffers from acute respiratory diseases, then he also has group 2. The third group is children who have chronic diseases, but they are in remission, sometimes exacerbations occur, the complication of the underlying disease is absent. Children belonging to this group have normal physical health, but they have some deviations in weight excess or deficiency, small stature. Psychological development often lags behind normal indicators (Pfeifflé et al., 2019, p.362).

            The fourth group is children with chronic diseases that develop at an active stage or stage of unstable remission, are accompanied by frequent exacerbations. This also includes children in whom the disease is in remission, but this requires supportive treatment. Children with consequences after trauma, surgery, or learning and working disabilities. The fifth group is the most severe and difficult group; this includes children with severe chronic diseases with extremely rare remissions and frequent seizures. In addition, in this case, there are significant complications, for the prevention of which treatment is used. This includes children with physical defects, dysfunction of some organs, accompanied by serious prohibitions in the formation of labour activity. This includes children with disabilities (Altavilla, and Caballero Perez, 2019, p.2543).

Research Question

            The research is aimed at highlighting different factors associated with a sedentary lifestyle and its involvement in the development of obesity

These are the research questions that the research will be addressing.

1. What factors are involved in short term consequence of sedentary lifestyle?
2. How behavioural epidemiology framework does contributes in depicting sedentary lifestyle and obesity?
3. What is the relationship between a sedentary lifestyle and obesity?

Relevance of Study

            In the age of universal computerization of various types of activity, a person pays less and less attention to his physical development. Parents often do not pay attention to the sedentary lifestyle of their children, who are increasingly replacing outdoor games and activities in sports clubs with computer games. Many families have one or even two or three computers, mobile phones with various games, but not a single rope or ball, let alone a sports corner. Moreover, at school, instead of running around during recess, children can often be seen bent over some kind of gadget or in the cafeteria with a pie.

Chapter 3 Methodology and Methods

3.0 Overview of Research Design

            Research methods and methodology are the comprehensive procedures or approaches used to categorise, select, progress, and inspect the indication of the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity (Pandey and Pandey, 2021). In addition, research methodology documents the investigator to judgmentally evaluate a research’s inclusive rationality and constancy (Snyder, 2019). In comparison, Mohajan (2018) also specified that in investigation methodology, the researchers involve, assess, and predict the research spectacle, which also delivers an exact research strategy. In this context, this chapter aims to outline the research philosophy, research method, research approach, data collection method, sampling strategy, exclusion and inclusion criteria, data collection plan and data analysis. Moreover, the chapter also illustrates the ethical considerations and the ethical issues the researcher had experienced in collecting the evidence. Finally, the chapter outlines the authenticated, validated, and appropriate methods and methodologies to investigate the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity (Fig 1).

Fig 1: Research Onion (Saunders et al., 2007)

3.1 Research Philosophy (Interpretivism)

The philosophy of the research exploration allocates nature, supporting and developing relevant information. Additionally, the suitable research philosophy certificates the investigator to elaborate and respond to the selected aims and purposes of the research, i.e., the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity (Cazeaux, 2017). However, from the three types of research philosophies, contemporary research has employed the interpretivism research philosophy to find the apposite explanations for the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity.

The justification for choosing this research philosophy was that it is suitable for the qualitative research method. Moreover, interpretivism research philosophy supported the researcher in identifying the personal experiences of both healthcare professionals and children to determine the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity. Further, the interpretivism research philosophy provides an accurate picture of the actual feelings of the people, i.e., the children and the healthcare professionals, regarding the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity 19 (Alharahsheh and Pius, 2020).

3.2 Research Approach

Research approaches and procedures for exploring moreover, the research approach documents the investigator and the exploration study to examine the research’s nature and complications (Armat et al., 2018). Hence, contemporary research has utilised the inductive research approach to identify the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity. The justification for choosing this investigation approach is that the inductive approach is appropriate for the qualitative research method.

Furthermore, contemporary research is grounded on examining and assessing the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity. For these explanations, the inductive approach was appropriate and pertinent as it supported the researcher to observe and measure the impact of the pandemic on the children and then expand the relevant evidence into broader themes to analyse further the issue (Woiceshyn and Daellenbach, 2018). However, the justification for not choosing the deductive approach was that, as per Bonner et al. (2021), the inferential process involves testing the hypothesis by designing experiments that are not relevant to the present research aim and objectives.

3.3 Research Method

The performance of the investigation and its understanding are entirely based on suitable research methodologies. However, if the investigator does not employ the precise examination method, the explanation of the consequences and the assumptions will also be unsuitable (Queirós et al., 2017). Hence, for contemporary research, the investigator has utilised qualitative research methods.

The validation and rationale for choosing the qualitative process were that qualitative investigation methods supported the researcher in considering, assembling, and examining information in detail about individual human involvements. Moreover, it drives to accumulate the appropriate data engaging the first hand involvements of the examination members (Benninger et al., 2020). In this framework, the contemporary research exploiting the qualitative approach reinforced the investigator to collect and assemble the individual involvements of both the children and the healthcare professionals about the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity.

3.4 Data Collection Method

The data assortment technique is one of the most significant steps of the research. In this context, Bjärkefur et al. (2020) have explored that the data explanation is based on the data assemblage method, which, if selected improperly, will affect imprecise conclusions and research consequences. Hence, considering the importance of the data collection method, the present research has employed both primary and secondary data collection methods to gather evidence on the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity. The justification for choosing the primary data gathering technique was that it supported the investigator in congregating the first hand information straight from the study participants, i.e., the children and the healthcare professionals. The chances of errors were minimised. Furthermore, the primary data assortment technique results in genuine, validated, and pertinent information (DeJonckheere and Vaughn, 2019).

However, the justification for choosing the secondary data assortment method was that it collects evidence from peer reviewed articles, papers, and records, giving understanding into the thoughts of other healthcare professionals concerning the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity (Johnston, 2017). Moreover, the secondary data method was used to compare, contrast, and support the evidence gathered by the researcher from the research participants concerning the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity.

3.5 Sampling Strategy

Regarding the primary qualitative research, there are two types of sampling strategies available for recruiting the research participants, i.e., convenience and purposeful sampling. However, the present study used purposeful sampling for recruiting the research participants in the research. The justification for the selection of purposeful sampling was that it supported the researcher to understand the personal experience of the children and the healthcare professionals about the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity (Luciani et al., 2019). However, the rationale for not selecting the convenience sampling was that this research sampling could result in biases because some research participants participate and some do not participate in the study (Astroth and Chung, 2018).

Sample Size

The sample size for the practice interviews for the healthcare professionals comprised 2 4 healthcare professionals. However, the sample size of the focus group, i.e., the children, included 20 25 children.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Sample

What are the inclusion/exclusion criteria for your sample?

What is your justification for these criteria?

The justification for this inclusion and exclusion criteria was that the children who have suffered from obesity and its associated diseases could provide recent information regarding the symptoms and the impact of the disease on their health. However, the healthcare professionals who have treated children of obesity and its associated diseases could provide sufficient information regarding the precautions and effects of illness on children’s health.

3.6 Data Collection Plan

As mentioned above in section 3.4, the researcher’s data collection method was primary and secondary. Moreover, concerning the contemporary research, i.e., the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity. The data collection tools were the practice interviews in which two practice interviews were conducted with the healthcare professionals and the children who had experienced obesity related diseases. However, for supporting the evidence gathered from the children and the healthcare professionals regarding the effect of sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity, peer reviewed articles, journals and books were employed.

Practice Interviews and its Purpose

According to McGrath et al. (2019), the research includes the appropriate questions that the researcher asks the research participants. Bearman et al. (2020) elaborated on the purpose of the practice interviews and stated that they support the researcher to understand their personal experiences regarding the issue. Hence, the rationale for selecting the practice interviews was that it benefited the researcher to understand the effect of a sedentary lifestyle in the development of obesity. However, Sandvik and McCormack (2018) critiqued that the practice interviews and costly and time consuming. Moreover, the discussions could also lead the researcher towards the biases.

Interview Questions

Following were the practice interview questions asked by the researcher from the healthcare professionals and the children:

Practice Interview Questions from Healthcare Professionals

1. What is the influence of obesity on the wellbeing of children?
2. What were the associated diseases of obesity experienced by the children?
3. What are the safety precautions to keep the children from sedentary lifestyles, obesity, and relevant diseases?
4. What are the safety precautions for the children prescribed by you to eradicate obesity?
5. Do obesity and sedentary lifestyles impact the mental wellbeing of the children as well?

Practice Interview Questions from Children

1. What diseases of obesity did you experience due to your sedentary lifestyle?
2. What are measures you follow to eradicate obesity and sedentary behaviour?
3. How much time will it take to reduce your weight due to your sedentary behaviour?
4. How did obesity influence your physical and mental health?

3.7 Data Analysis

After the data assortment, data examination is one of the most critical phases of the investigation to precisely understand the collected evidence through suitable analysis methods (Parmer et al., 2018). However, the researcher analysed the collected data from the research participants through the thematic analysis technique regarding the present research. The rationale for selecting the thematic analysis is that it supported the researcher to interpret the whole data by defining the broader themes (Beletto, 2018).

What steps will be involved in this process?

First, the researcher familiarises with the collected data and then relevant themes are designed to interpret the collected data from the research participants. Moreover, in the designated themes, the opinions of the research participants are documented, which are then compared and contrasted with the relevant literature (Castleberry and Nolen, 2018).

3.8 Ethical Considerations

What ethical considerations, in general, does research raise?

Regarding the ethical considerations for primary research, Clark Kazak (2017) documented that the ethics committee must ethically approve the examination before conducting the study. Moreover, consent from the research participants must be taken before including them. However, Arifin (2018) mentioned that research participants must not be harmed during the research. Moreover, the researcher must protect the collected data in hard and soft copies.

What is the role of an ethics committee, and why should you always follow the methods outlined in a research proposal which has been given ethical approval?

Regarding the role of the ethics committee, Balon et al. (2019) articulated that the ethics committee of the research review the research proposals and approve them by ensuring that the proposals must comply with the national and international guidelines of the investigation. However, Brittain et al. (2020) mentioned that the researcher is responsible for utilising the research methods in their research which the ethics committee approves. The rationale for this inclusion is that the committee ethically approves these methods to employ in the study (Broesch et al., 2020).

What ethical issues does your research study raise, and how will you overcome these?

The ethical issue regarding the present study could be the approval of the research proposal from the ethics committee of the research. In this concern. I, as a researcher, will approve my research proposal from the committee before the conduction of the study (Fotrousi et al., 2017). However, the other ethical issue is the consent of the research participants for their voluntary participation and their protection from harm during the research. In this context, as a researcher, I will consent from the research participants and not harm them (Brittain et al., 2020). Moreover, I will also protect the collected data in hard copies in my sealed cupboards and soft copies through the encrypted devices. Furthermore, I will also provide plagiarism free content (Suri, 2020).

Chapter 3; Discussion

            Multiple research is conducted to see the relationship between a sedentary lifestyle and obesity. Aldwell et al., (2018, p. 81) researched the relationship between the sedentary lifestyle and being overweight in adults. The findings reported a store relationship between these variables, resulting to cause multiple health issues for obese persons. Navti et al. (2017) claim that physical activities within daily life highly contribute to increasing the role of sedentary lifestyle within the population. Sedentary lifestyle results in causing obesity and other health issues within the adults. In addition, diet is a major compromising factor in increasing obesity. The lack of physical activity and diet management results in causing a reduction in the metabolic rate, and the decreased metabolic rate causes emergence of obesity within the population. The current research aims to analyse sedentary lifestyle and obesity and consider the gaps in the previous literature review based on the following research questions.

            At the moment, sufficient experience has been accumulated that a sedentary lifestyle is closely associated not only with obesity and its consequences, but also with the development of depression in children and adolescents. Advances in technology have expanded the sedentary environment, including video games, the Internet, and 24 hours of daily television viewing opportunities. Among young people (1,500 people aged 10 17 years were studied) who used the Internet for about 3 hours a day, 30% had serious depressive symptoms (5 criteria for depression plus functional impairment), 14% of young people had minor depressive symptoms (3 criteria for depression) and 12% of young people had no depressive symptoms. Obesity and depression are separated as separate health problems of a physical and psycho emotional nature, respectively (Dalwood et al., 2020, p.1).

However, a number of signs are highlighted, such as sleep problems, a sedentary lifestyle, impaired food regulation and diet, which are common to these processes. Childrens ubiquitous access to modern technology, such as a TV, computer or smartphone, increases the risk of their daily behavior with a predominance of sedentary activity, provokes them to a sedentary and low energy lifestyle. This behavior is known to increase the risk of developing many chronic diseases. A sedentary lifestyle (energy consumption ≤1.5 metabolic equivalents) is an independent risk factor for the development of cardiometabolic lesions in childhood and adolescence. Recent research has revealed that daily physical activity has a direct effect on cardiorespiratory endurance levels, body fat and the risk of metabolic syndrome (Hu et al., 2021, p.1907).  

            However, despite the constant emergence of new evidence of the negative impact of a sedentary lifestyle on the childs body, it remains unclear which characteristics and conditions of sedentary behavior are most closely associated with an increased risk of chronic pathology among this population group. Most children in Western countries spend about 3 hours watching TV, and another 3 4 hours in front of other screen devices. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines, this type of activity should not exceed 1 2 hours / day. Sitting in front of the TV does not consume enough energy, which increases the risk of overweight and obesity. In addition, he constantly watches ads that can tilt his choice towards less healthy food (Al Jawaldeh et al., 2020, p.3345). In the course of the new work, scientists tried to determine how a sedentary lifestyle with short interruptions is associated with cardiometabolic risk and the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in the future and diseases of the cardiovascular system in children with family history of obesity. To do this, they analyzed data on 286 boys and 236 girls living in Quebec. At least one parent of the participants showed signs of obesity. An accelerometer was used to assess the level of physical activity of children. In addition, the participants risk of developing chronic diseases was determined based on indicators of body mass index, waist circumference, insulin, glucose, cholesterol and C reactive protein levels in blood plasma (Pourrostami et al. 2020, p.903).

It was noted that short periods of physical activity lasting 1–4 min led to a decrease in cardiometabolic risk and body mass index in girls. The duration of periods of activity of 5 9 minutes is associated with a decrease in waist circumference in girls, and 10 14 minutes with a decrease in plasma glucose levels in girls and body mass index in boys. The authors of the study note that in the course of this work, for the first time, evidence was obtained about a positive relationship between short term periods of physical activity with a sedentary lifestyle and a decrease in the level of cardiometabolic risk in children. Healthy lifestyle promotion aimed at reducing the amount of time a child spends in front of a TV, computer or smartphone can have a positive impact on the prevalence of overweight or obesity. Professionals and parents alike should be aware that even short periods of physical activity have a significant impact on a childs health, which is especially important in an era of rapid development of screen technology. To reduce the time the child spends in front of the screen, parents should offer other leisure activities, such as board games and walking together. In addition, they should strive to reduce the time that they themselves spend in front of the TV or at the computer, and then the child will follow their example (Pourrostami et al., 2020, p.903).

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