Application of Project Management and Program Management in Mega and Complex Projects

1.      Executive Summary:

 A country named Turkmenistan is enjoying handsome economic proportions. Oil and gas both are participating as the treasure hunts for expanding the export market of this country. Turkmenistan is getting tremendous progress and leads to developing countries. There are a large number of natural gas resources, but presently this land is facing the fissures. It is demanding a kind of substantial investment in the departments of natural gas and oil to compete internationally. Gylkenish is its most dependent and active storehouse of natural gas. About 26.2 trillion gas has been derived from this source annually. Likewise, oil reservoirs are contributing to about 6 billion barrels. That is why both natural gas and oil are making 80% economic development of Turkmenistan.  According to geographical calculations, the country has seven oil and gas regions. Foreign investment is no showing a friendly corporation for these regions. Dragon Oil, Petronas, and Burren Energy are the active companies this time. Turkmenistan lacks the transportation infrastructure of the natural gas reservoirs. There is a need to make a strong portfolio to expand and export the sources on an international basis. Thee are recorded five companies associated with the oil and gas reservoirs run in 1998. To attract foreign aids, sectors of energy and environmental regulation are projected to reformation.

 Management of Turkmenistan went through legislation criteria to meet the attention of transparent foreign rules. About 65% of investment is transferred to the World Bank of Turk government. Turkmenistan also works on the shared agreements on the export of oil and gas resources in the Caspian Sea. From 1992 to 2004, Turkmenistan enjoys the peak deposition of oil reservoirs, and 100,000 bbl/d is the consumption rate. The problem lies in the truth that these reservoirs were located in the areas of dispute, that is why foreign agencies will never agree to invest in these projects. The Caspian Sea contains about 800 million barrels that are exported and consumed in the neighboring states. By the end of 2007, Turkmenistan started to develop its relations with the foreign agencies and launched a campaign of Oil reservoirs. Turk government is working days and nights to enhance their production rate more than the demands so that the excess oil might b exported on an urgent basis to raise the financial ratio. Refinement plants are under process to design the best and maximum deposits of fat to avoid any complaints from foreign agencies.t he will ultimately increase the trust level of the Turk Government.

Turkmenistan is ranked at the sixth position for the gas as a natural resource. By 2012,          Turkmenistan can manage about 56% of the production. There are discovered several points of natural gas that raise 22% of the total share of stakeholders. Almost all the power generation plants in the country are running by natural gas.  Agency of International Energy has declared Turkmenistan as the third highest storehouse for the natural gas depositions. Exploration, production, and exploration are concerned with the balanced ratio of oil and gas reservoirs. Turk government has passed the recent act of the Community based power plants in 2014 In which foreign agencies have confirmed the availability of their assistance and asserted that exportation ways would be paved for the Turk Government for the next coming years. To open the routes for export, pipelines have been channeled to neighboring countries like China and Russia. These pipelines include CAC (Central Asia centers pipeline), two pipelines from Turkmenistan to Iran, East West pipeline, and one pipeline is channeled to China. Factors affecting the industry of Turkmenistan are as follow:

1. Lack of foreign investments.
2. Geographical conflicts.
3. Insufficient pipeline infrastructure.
4. Tough economic composition.

Besides all these progress rates, the country is facing a dilemma of finance. That is why some massive investments are required to meet the need. Being a chief executive of mega projects, it is suggested not to invest money in crucial circumstances when the country is already facing a low degree of index rankings. Stakeholders are even not ready to project their time and energy in newly planned projects. So it is recommended not to call foreign assistance. Local investors are also required to be hired on a stan by position. It is time to wait until circumstances get normalized. Several risk assessments are giving a stop jerk on Turkmenistan for making a significant hydrocarbon exporter. Boundary disputes on the Caspian Sea have significantly reduced the countrys worth for becoming a dominant manufacturer and exporter of oil and natural gas reservoirs.

2.      Introduction:

Complex theory applied to project management is originated by the works of Morris, Senet, Cropper, and Gidado. The importance of complexity can be evaluated by highlighting the influence, hindrance, project selection, and characterization of different tools used. Program management is accomplished using profound and comprehensive skills, taking into account the improvement in the performance of an organization. Insight activities are observed under the keen eyes of project manager that ultimately takes decisions on the organizational level. (Murray Webster and Thiry, 2000) The program refers to the execution of the number of projects supervised under a particular organization. For example, if a construction company is assigned for a program named Canal view Homes, It will consist of building Canal view Apartments as their first step. The next step will be Canal view Villas. After further proceedings, a Community Centre will be built as a significant step for the facilities of the gym, playing, and swimming activities. All these steps are correlated as they are linked with a single location. Currently, the chaotic conditions have been created with which Turkmenistan is facing, so there is a need to hire a project manager from the chief executive for making all arrangements at the best and cheapest prices. And he or she will negotiate on the overall requirements regarding that specific program so that the projects may be assigned to the relevant fields.

(Locatelli et al., 2014) Crude accountability in the region of the Caspian Sea in Turkmenistan is affirmed by undertaking the projection of hydrocarbon progress in the ecosystem. From the very initial step taken by the newly elected presidency, international companies of oil and gas reservoirs are pursued by hydroelectric power generation. From the last two decades, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan put secure investments in the departments of oil and natural gas. Policymakers go in hand with the financial institutions to implement complex a megaprojects on the national level. The chief executive of the country should form a committee designed after each complex plan for projecting the whole management in a practical way, passed from the National Department of Industrial Organization. This committee will assess and analyze all the sectors related to finance history. And hence, it will be decided whether the country should take risk steps of investment or not. Being a Chief executive, it would be suggested that organizations may work on fewer degrees of projects excluding the mega and complex projects. Because investing in huge volumes would be disastrous.

Traditional ways of managing the theory of project deals with a three dimensional approach in which the project manager optimizes the design and quality of cost technical schedules. D.H Gransberge makes an experiment of complexity footprint that consists of conceptualizing and understanding the available resources within the fixed budget. Turkmenistans Manager can put this strategy to build his ideologies for oil exporting power plants to evaluate the demands and supply of present reservoirs. Pipelines of natural gases might be channeled according to the co efficient factors for each variable, such as investment, competition, scope, and mobility. This probability can be the observer in the following table: (Giezen, 2012)

Table 1 Probability factors involving in the project management

Being a Chief Executive, it can be helpful to inject inquiry based strategies to the mega and complex projects by dividing the whole plan of oil and natural gas relating to deposition and exportation into the five phases, including initiation, planning, execution, closure, monitoring, and control of the project. If Turk Government passes through these phases in handling each project, they might be able to meet the needs in the given deadline. Before working on investment plans, Turk Government should consider the policies as mentioned earlier. 

Complexity and rigidness of any project can be resolved using four necessary frameworks that are managing the integration, scope, time schedules, and costs of the project. Taking into the context of Turkmenistans goals of achieving the best proportion between supply and demand. (Hu et al., 2015) There is a need to correlate extracts of things as the project deals with the number of items. The Manager of the organization should integrate all components. It will assist in making things clear and feasible to handle. Also, the project needs to be focused on the focal points. Teamwork made by the Manager should not detract in their work so that they all together may manage to complete the things with accuracy. Managers are given a fixed period under which they have to meet all needs regarding specific parameters of the assigned tasks. They should design a schedule in a very planned and professional way to avoid further complexities.

Furthermore, the scope of the project should be kept in mind so that managers and the team made may have complete acknowledgments about the importance and trends of the ongoing project. Mega and complex projects are not easy to handle. There must be loads of hurdles in many forms, and these repulsive forces should be taken as positive criticism. And same is the situation of Turkmenistan this time, Manager of the organization may be able to give a positive spark in the team and push them towards a forward step. (Chang et al., 2013) These steps need more focus before investing any handsome amount on the mega projects.

Appraisal and encouragement are essential to make the strategies smooth. No team members of the organization can perform with competent skills. Intellectual capabilities may fluctuate and vary from worker to worker. Performance evaluation is directly proportional to the positive feedback given to the labor. Turk Government should proceed with positivity to void the depression and stress level both at the national and community level. (Kardes et al., 2013) Effective performance of the project management can be followed using essential vital components that include Management improvement, goal directions, learning and development, feedback and coaching, and ongoing negotiations.  These practices will not handicap the Government of Turk of other external moral guidelines.

(Flyvbjerg, 2014) Tackling the complexities in project management came out with numerous risk assessments. It may affect stakeholders and marketing management.  Organizations do not rely on investing their money and energy while observing the complexities and disaster factors. However, when it comes to the stability of national equilibrium, specific inquiry based techniques are used to manifest the danger elements of projecting the program management. The Caspian Sea of Turkmenistan needs loads of attention because, despite the availability of immense natural resources, the discovery of new reservoirs needs lots of learning based machinery, technicians, and handsome investment. Otherwise, the country will be deprived of these deposits, and it will knock the threshold of destruction at both domestic and national levels. (Aubry et al., 2018) The core point of risk assessment in the case of stakeholder involvement in risk management is coordination. Interference of stakeholders may lead to the evaluation of some important points that include: 1 contribution of stakeholders in different apartments. 2 mandatory performance toward the goals. 3 role of Government. The 4 independent attitude of stakeholders.

Principles of project management are according to the following flowchart:

Figure 2 principles of project management

Authorities of Turk government should follow the principles as mentioned earlier for projecting effective program management for both oil and natural gas reservoirs. As chief executive, it would be unfair to say that as the system is confronting sophisticated strategies, there is a need to develop teamwork and collaboration. (Merrow, 2012) instead of investing money.

Optimism bias is associated with the optimistic belief that workers, managers, and stakeholders may present in experiencing the complexities of project management. Workers should never lose their energy in complex scenarios. They may even be able to put the best efforts as a part time job. If the system is facing any fluctuating behavior from work, it might collapse and not be completed on time, which in turn will abolish the countrys reputation at the national level. If the Turk government intends to take any foreign investment, it should make strong teamwork and collaboration first. So that people may not get biased and may project their best skills in the given work. (Lee et al., 2018)

Success and failures always go side by side. And failure should be considered positive and appreciated. As No man is an island. Therefore even the perfect team made can commit serious mistakes. And sometimes, there is no hope linked with some organization, and that comes out with outstanding results.  So success and failure are the fluctuating processes in any project management. There might be specific reasons for the down falling of management projects. A concise list of factors is given below:

Table 2 Evaluation of success and failure

(Jia et al., 2011) The Law of iron management in the projects might be fruitful or disputable at the same time. It depends on the terms and conditions in which the project is being analyzed, determined, and executed. Some self centered organization is stuck to their tradition to such an extent that they misinterpret the whole project. Since it is the chief executive of all mega and complex projects of Turk Government, it is suggested to invest a limited investment in the initial stage. Then the efforts and cost both can be enhanced under the successful running process of the whole management system. It is, of course, the level of risk to touch the new inventions in the field of already risk taking zones of exportation, exploration, and execution of crude reservoirs. But one needs to build on his own at the time of crisis. The inner strength of some organizational systems is essential to project any type of risk assessment. Key factors involving the rankings and matrix of financial institution presented in the early calculations are as follow: (Anceschi, 2017)

Figure 3 Rankings and matrix of financial institutions

The project life cycle embodies several stages, allowing the contribution of different people from different regions of the country. Holding the position of Chief Executive, It has been noticed down that Turk Government has emphasized on this strategy with keen eyes. It has run a campaign of collecting the number of volunteers to participate in the mage and complex management systems. Strategic sourcing refers to the supply chain management in which harvested information is reconsidered and subjected to various steps to make the best position in marketing management. This step will minimize the disability of the country on the part of foreign investment. And local investment would be enough.  (Accountability, 2009) An application of a paradigm shift in the assessment, identification, and management of risk strategies is made must to do activity. Essential components of risk assessment strategies in mega and complex projects are as follow:

Figure 4 Risk Assessment

3.      Conclusion:

Digital Change Management is the process of direction, administration, and management of any particular organization undertaking digital transformational changes. Change cannot be restricted, so it must be acceptable to bring out some positivity in any filed. Digital Change Management acts as a tool for developing a prosperous company. (Ovezberdyyeva, 2009) If both social and technical elements are kept in consideration of any organization, then the desired outcome might be achieved in the form of customer satisfaction and sales enhancements. Therefore, Turk Government has to meet the change management strategies to deliver maximum aid from the foreign departments. Gap analysis in the mega and complex project management is associated with the gap of expectations between the team members, project manager, and the system. It might be linked with sales and revenues. Being a Chief Executive, it would be suggested to mitigate the gap factors between different sectors, value addition in the project management system is primarily applicable if the manager and team members both are willing to subject the exercise of value to the projects. It provides the precision in the decisions made, and hence the project gets successful on the international level. Project assurance is dealt with the examining and assessing the fixed policies of any program that are linked with the control system. It analyzes the ultimate accuracy of the management on a broader scale. Turk Government uses the risk assurance policy from keeping the organizations tied and well managed. Project managers handling the export system of oil reservoirs should be embodied with the risk assurance policies so that system might be able to analyze the coming danger. Because each management has got financial backup to minimize the risk of maximum disastrous. (Hu et al., 2018)

 A company should rely on the employees performance and the mental capabilities of workers in the critical evaluation of Change Management.  If the worker faces continuous hurdles in the practice of policies, he might not be able to give his best. The accomplishment of mega and complex projects might be affected by the environmental factors involved as attractive and repulsive forces. Climate changes are also very responsible for altering the plan all of a sudden. Any accidental calamity may drag catastrophic consequences. Therefore, the Government should take serious notes on the safety of natural resources. Both oil and natural gases are unable to substitute with other artificial sources. Though scientific based researches have been progressed in the robotics yet, it has been claimed impossible to replace these reservoirs. That is why the Turk government should take essential steps for the assessment and execution of strategies involved in mage projects implications. (Qiu et al., 2019) Investments in the new companies and the new region might be risky. Still, if the project manager and the organizational strategies are strong enough to keep the teamwork and collaboration with cost effective and super efficient methodologies, the Government might risk taking massive investment from foreign companies. It is usually suggested to seek the assistance of advanced machinery to subject the strategic policies most professionally. Still, it seems to be an added burden on the newly made system because risk factors are associated at the peak, and such assistance will never be backed up. The chief executives role is essential for successful program management as he or she is responsible for taking the headaches of everything.

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